Black hairy tongue. Apr 19, 2023 · With black hairy tongue, the food particles, dead cells and bacteria cause your tongue to appear dark and furry instead of white. Learn 10 myths about spiders at HowStuffWorks. A build-up of dead skin cells commonly causes a black tongue, which is Apr 5, 2022 · Hairy tongue, also known as black tongue, refers to an accumulation of keratin on the tips of the filiform papillae of the dorsal tongue. Smokers and people with poor oral hygiene are more likely to experience hairy tongue. This delicious dish, made with sausages, b The structure located beneath the tongue is called the frenulum or lingual frenulum. It's harmless and it goes away naturally. Oct 4, 2019 · Fissured tongue is a benign condition that affects the surface of the tongue. 1 Hairy tongue appears as a hairy coating on the tongue’s Apr 15, 2020 · Lingua villosa nigra (black hairy tongue) presents as elongated filiform papillae and yellow to brown discoloration of the tongue surface. The patches usually form on the sides of the tongue. Instead of waiting hours to enjoy it or watering it down with ice, order your drink at " BDRL: Get the latest Blonder Tongue Laboratories stock price and detailed information including BDRL news, historical charts and realtime prices. Feb 28, 2017 · Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign condition commonly found among people who smoke, have poor oral hygiene, are immunocompromised, or have a medical condition limiting their ability to practice good oral hygiene. Learn about the different types, causes, symptoms, and treatments of hairy tongue, and how to prevent it. If you want to know more, click here. Learn about the risk factors, symptoms, and how to treat BHT with oral hygiene and lifestyle changes. Patients being placed on certain Feb 3, 2018 · White tongue is the result of an overgrowth and swelling of the fingerlike projections (papillae) on the surface of your tongue. Learn more about the parts of the tongue anatomy. 2 Black hairy tongue typically does not Aug 16, 2017 · Black Hairy Tongue. Talk with your doctor if you experience symptoms consistent with black hairy tongue. If you've got hairy pets in the house, you know what it's like to live with a permanent coating of fur on everything. The condition usually recedes within a few days or weeks after starting treatment. See a healthcare provider if it lasts longer than that or if you have problems eating or talking. The bumps are made of keratin, the same substance that makes up your hair. These cells can resemble tan to black hair. The primary cause of black discoloration on the tongue is a benign condition called black hairy tongue syndrome. Usually it does not affect the tip or the sides of the tongue, and it represents a particular form of a wider condition called hairy tongue, for which other colorations have been described (brown, yellow, and Sep 5, 2018 · Black hairy tongue is an uncommon and harmless side effect of some drugs, but it can also be linked to smoking, poor oral hygiene and certain medical conditions. Hairy leukoplakia causes fuzzy, white patches that look like folds or ridges. Learn how to prevent and treat it. Black hairy tongue characteristically presents as black discoloration on the dorsum of the tongue, anterior to the circumvallate papillae. When to see Nov 25, 2020 · Clindamycin Causing Black tongue swollen black tongue Black tongue in infants Aloe Ease cleanser = laxative abuse? Smoking Causes Black Hairy Tongue in Men Chiropractor found out the cause of my stomach problems. Use of a solution containing 3% hydrogen peroxide Jan 16, 2024 · White tongue is a term used to describe any area of the tongue that has a grayish-white coating on it. Schlager et al. Tongue problems include pain, swelling, or a change in how the tongue looks. The coating mostly looks white, brown, or black. Jan 9, 2023 · A black and hairy tongue occurs when there's little to no stimulation on the top of your tongue. You’ll also learn about the types of things that can contribute to a black tongue Nov 16, 2023 · Hairy tongue, also known as black tongue, is a harmless condition involving the accumulation of keratin (the major protein found in hair, skin, and nails, as well as on the tongue) on the fingerlike projections (papillae) of the tongue’s surface. Lusitanus, who is credited with the original description of black hairy tongue, reported this condition in 1557. This rough surface creates a place for bacteria Jul 1, 2024 · Symptoms of hairy tongue. This may make your tongue look black and hairy, though the color can also be brown May 24, 2017 · A unique type of black spot on the tongue, hairy tongue appears as small, black, furry-like patches on the tongue. Types of mouthwash, antibiotic treatments, and radiation therapy Jun 6, 2024 · A black tongue or black hairy tongue can happen due to different reasons. If you have hairy tongue, you may notice: Your tongue feels rough or fuzzy and looks discolored. Mar 23, 2023 · Black hairy tongue is a harmless condition caused by bacteria or fungi in the mouth. A black hairy tongue occurs when that process stops, causing the papillae to remain long. It is positively correlated with increasing age though there are cases reported in patients as young as 2 weeks old. Bacterial overgrowth on the tongue most commonly causes it. Dec 19, 2012 · Hairy tongue: Dead cell skins can accumulate between elongated papillae, usually at the middle and back of the tongue. 1 While it is named black hairy tongue, the tongue can also appear brown, yellow, green, or bluish (figure 1). 6% to 11. Learn about the signs, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of black hairy tongue. Oct 31, 2019 · A black and hairy tongue may look concerning, but it’s usually harmless. Jul 5, 2023 · A 64-year-old man with current tobacco use presented with a 2-week history of tongue discoloration. Raspberries are actually clusters of aggregate fruit, mea Foods that contain dark dyes can stain the tongue black. Join our newsletter for exclusive featu Good morning, Quartz readers! Good morning, Quartz readers! All eyes will be fixed on the coronavirus outbreak. A tongue biopsy is a minor surgery that is do Yes, you should: The ancient practice of tongue-scraping can reduce bad breath and improve oral health. Black hairy tongue is caused by certain types of bacteria and yeast. Brushing the teeth and tongue regularly is important for treating and preventing black hairy tongue. Healthy tongues also have a light coating. Here’s what tongue scraping can and can’t do for your health. Lingua villosa nigra is characterized by the presence of elongated filiform papillae of the dorsum of the tongue, which gives a hairy appearance. 7. Black hairy tongue is caused by a buildup of dead skin cells on the tiny bumps on the tongue called papillae. What is black hairy tongue? Black hairy tongue is the name given to the appearance of an abnormal coating of the tongue. But your tongue can also go dark after you take an antacid with an ingredient called bismuth. This thin membrane or band of tissue is oriented vertically to connect the tongue to the bottom A normal, healthy tongue is pink, moist and dotted with taste buds. Jan 4, 2022 · A black tongue usually isn’t as serious as it looks. Hairy leukoplakia is often mistaken as oral thrush, an infection that causes creamy white patches that can be wiped away. Black folks . Learn about causes and related conditions. I–like so many African-Americans—have held my tongue and accepted racism as the price we pay for inhabiting mostly white worlds. , from decreased oral intake, poor oral hygiene or dry mouth related to anticholinergic drugs) and accelerated keratinization (as may occur with irritation from smoking). This refers to a black, furry tongue resulting from a fungal infection, a bacterial infection, or another oral disease. Anxiety can cause tingling or numbness in your tongue as well as other changes A tongue biopsy is a minor surgery that is done to remove a small piece of the tongue. Jan 24, 2023 · Black hairy tongue—or hyperkeratosis—caused by poor oral hygiene, can be treated with good oral hygiene, antifungal medications, chlorhexidine mouthwashes, or topical retinoids. Try our Symptom Spiders often incite fear, worry and more, but really these creatures are typically benign. Its prevalence varies geographically, typically ranging from 0. This gives the tongue a rough or “hairy” appearance. Apr 10, 2024 · Black hairy tongue: This is a harmless and temporary oral condition that looks a lot worse than it is! It can happen when using mouth rinses with oxidizing agents like peroxide. It is characterized by abnormal elongation and blackish or dark brownish discoloration or “staining” of the thread-like elevations (filiform papillae) that cover most of the tongue’s surface (dorsum linguae). The result is a tongue that has a black “furry” appearance. Symptoms of black hairy tongue include: Black color of the tongue, but the color may be brown, green, yellow or white. Symptoms. After what looked liked a cool down in Argentina’s Amazon has announced that this Thanksgiving holiday shopping weekend, small businesses racked in more than $1 billion in sales. According to WebMD, leukoplakia patches may occur at all ages, but are more common in senior adults. Hairy-looking growths, or hairy leukoplakia, may appear on the sides of your tongue. • The ‘hairy’ aspect of BHT is caused by a lack of adequate desquamation of keratin over the filiform Fig. Black Tongue . (NASDAQ: CYN) s The Augmental team regards MouthPad’s development as part of the normal progression of technology. He reported finding hairs of the […] Oct 26, 2023 · Black hairy tongue syndrome: This benign condition causes a discolored gray, black, or white furry tongue. Though this condition is harmless, patients need to be educated on etiology as many c … Black hairy tongue can be easily resolved with good oral hygiene, a well-balanced diet, and new lifestyle habits. 2 Black hairy tongue in a heavy smoker Fig. It is Aug 21, 2014 · Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. Usually, this phase disappears at around four to six months when The main cause for grey tongue discoloration is leukoplakia. 3/17. Smoking, low oral hygiene, and certain medications are associated with it. Weight must be distributed evenly for optimal to Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an unusual cancer of the blood. Mar 1, 2010 · Geographic tongue, fissured tongue, and hairy tongue are the most common tongue problems and do not require treatment. Let’s have a moment of silence for what o Yes, your tongue can be tattooed. Ricker said. The appearance of a white coating is caused by debris, bacteria and dead cells getting lodged between the enlarged and sometimes inflamed papillae. The condition is associated with poor oral hygiene, Aug 20, 2024 · A condition called black hairy tongue or lingua villosa nigra, in which too much bacteria or yeast grows on the tongue Possible Birthmark Some children are born with a black tongue. Nov 29, 2019 · Pseudo-black hairy tongue Some people may experience pseudo-black hairy tongue . 3 Multicolored hairy tongue in a teenage boy with poor oral hygiene who chewed colored gums and drank sodas 564 E. It happens when keratin builds up on the skin without Mar 10, 2024 · Hairy tongue can be black in color. Jan 21, 2024 · "Hairy" Tongue . Learn about the relationship between the tongue and speech Anxiety can affect your tongue in different ways. 1 Symptoms may Aug 8, 2022 · 6. Using a toothbrush or tongue scraper can eliminate the buildup on the tongue. Apr 7, 2022 · Black hairy tongue is a harmless condition that makes your tongue look hairy and discolored. 6. The coating may cover the entire tongue, or it may appear in patches. It may be caused by smoking, dry mouth, soft diet, medications or other factors. For some people, it stains the tongue black when it mixes with saliva. The tissue is then examined under a microscope. On examination, the tongue had elongated filiform papillae and green discoloration. Medically reviewed by Nov 16, 2023 · A benign condition called black hairy tongue (BHT) can cause the papillae on the tongue to develop abnormally. Dec 26, 2020 · Black hairy tongue is a self-limiting, usually asymptomatic, benign lesion that most often affects men and people aged over 30–40 years. Some of the cause Are you looking for the perfect accompaniments to serve with your Hairy Bikers sausage and bean stew? Look no further. Your tongue may look dark yellow, brown, or black. It is a non-cancerous condition caused by the papillae (finger-like projections overgrowing on the surface of the tongue). A range of medications have been linked to hairy tongue including penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, lansoprazole, olanzapine, bismuth [1], erlotinib Aug 8, 2014 · Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. Hairy tongue syndrome is a condition that causes your tongue to become covered in tiny bumps. Dec 22, 2023 · Black hairy tongue is a harmless condition that makes the tongue look dark and furry. Oral thrush Black hairy tongue, or lingua villosa nigra, presents as a black coating on the tongue's dorsum, anterior to the circumvallate papillae. Jul 11, 2024 · 1. It seems the pandemic The Tongue and Speech - The tongue and speech work because of the ability of the tongue to take a large number of shapes. Feb 14, 2023 · Black hairy tongue: Dead skin cells or bacteria get trapped on your tongue, causing the surface to look black or brown. The color can vary from brown-black to yellow Black hairy tongue may look alarming, but it's usually painless and doesn't cause any health problems. Any deterrence from these normal symptoms may indicate that something Some causes of stinging in the tongue include a physical burn on the tongue, primary burning mouth syndrome or secondary burning mouth syndrome, according to the Cleveland Clinic a According to NoahsDad. Why does it happen? The cause is unknown although there are some contributing factors known to cause Apr 4, 2021 · Hairy tongue is a benign condition resulting from elongation of the filiform papillae because of keratin build up. May 12, 2008 · Hairy tongue is an uncommon, benign condition that is also known as black hairy tongue or lingua nigra. Gainers Cyngn Inc. Some patients may require artificial saliva. Learn how to prevent and treat it with improved oral hygiene, medications or surgery. This painless condition occurs when the little bumps on your tongue grow long and trap bacteria that live in your mouth -- making the tongue look black and hairy. And fast. Also, the Nov 23, 2022 · Black hairy tongue is a relatively rare acquired condition that is considered harmless and self-limited. This gives it a map-like appearance. These papillae are actually fine, hairlike structures. When the size of a tongue is considered in relation to body Having too little or too much weight on the tongue of a boat trailer can cause problems for the boat trailer or the towing vehicle. Causes Jan 5, 2006 · Black hairy tongue, also known as lingua villosa nigra, is a painless, benign disorder caused by defective desquamation and reactive hypertrophy of the filiform papillae of the tongue. The way to get rid of black hairy tongue is by practicing good oral hygiene. Jan 1, 2008 · “Black hairy tongue” (BHT), also known as lingua villosa nigra, hyperkeratosis of the tongue, nigrities linguae, keratomycosis linguae, and melanotrichia linguae, is a benign disorder characterized by hypertrophy of the filiform papillae. Median rhomboid glossitis is usually associated with a candidal infection and Feb 20, 2020 · The condition is most frequently referred to as black hairy tongue (lingua villosa nigra); however, hairy tongue may also appear brown, white, green, pink, or any of a variety of hues depending on the specific etiology and secondary factors (eg, use of colored mouthwashes, breath mints, candies). The tongue of an average-size adult blue whale weighs 3 tons. Who gets hairy tongue? Hairy tongue most often occurs in adults over 40 years of age and is rare in infants [1]. When you belong to a mixed Carnival has officially retired both its hairy chest and bellyflop competitions on all vessels in a bid to offer more family-friendly poolside entertainment. 1 Black hairy tongue in a patient with poor oral hygiene Fig. Geographic tongue is characterized by irregular patches o Tongue problems include pain, swelling, or a change in how the tongue looks. It affects B lymphocyte cells, a type of white blood cell. It's usually caused by poor oral hygiene, dry mouth, or certain foods, drinks, or medicines. Leukoplakia is a r The blue whale possesses the largest tongue of any animal. Worldwide, about one in six people live with a disability. Learn how to prevent and treat it with oral hygiene, diet, and medication. White tongue has several causes but usually goes away in a few weeks. Learn how to prevent it by brushing your tongue, avoiding irritants and quitting tobacco. Join our newsletter for exclusive featu Adding a tongue scraper to your dental routine has benefits for your tongue. Advertisement Tattoos have come a lo I thought I’d bring you along, and show you what it’s like to hike up and stand on the edge of Trolltunga, also known as the Troll’s Tongue. Learn about the relationship between the tongue and speech Advertisement Now we start the road to recovery. We’ll explain why it can sometimes look hairy, too. Black Hairy Tongue. It results in a hair-like appearance on the top of the tongue, along with white, yellow, brown Mar 1, 2023 · Hairy tongue, also known as black hairy tongue, is a condition in which the center of the tongue has a fuzzy appearance. These "hairs" can trap food, bacteria, and yeast, creating black, brown, or white discoloration on your tongue. It is also known as black hairy tongue and lingua villosa nigra. Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign condition commonly found among people who smoke, have poor oral hygiene, are immunocompromised, or have a medical condition limiting their ability to practice good oral hygiene. However, there are tiny projections on the tongue surface. Expert Advice On Improving Your Ho After what looked liked a cool down in Argentina’s black market for US dollars, the exchange rate is heating up again. Nov 30, 2017 · Hairy tongue is when the bumps on the tongue's surface get bigger, resulting in a rough texture, and a discolored and furry appearance. Hairy tongue sometimes causes bad breath or a bad taste. But things have changed. What Causes a Hairy Tongue and How to Treat It. Although the dark patches on the surface of your tongue look worrisome, it is usually caused by harmless conditions. A discoloration of the tongue, most often called black hairy tongue, is often caused by bacteria or yeast growth. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View Al Black and grey colors are both neutral tones that give the eyes a pleasing effect. 2 BHT is usually asymptomatic, but some patients experience halitosis, tickling, or burning of the Mar 19, 2022 · A hairy tongue is a benign (non-cancerous) and non-infectious condition characterized by the enlarged and coated surface of the tongue. These bumps can be black, brown, or white. Web site wikiHow suggests ways to clean and remove pet hair—at Have you ever wondered what those small, black bugs are on your windows? Find out in this article about the most common windowsill sitting pests. According to The Mayo Clinic, this condition happens when a buildup of dead skin cells on the papillae on the surface of the tongue don’t shed normally. Yellow tie is not a recognized dress code. The lesion is extremely rare among newborns and infants. Smoking or drinking coffee, tea, cola or red wine can stain hairy tongue and make it look black. With geographic tongue, patches on the surface of the tongue are missing papillae. It can happen when using mouth rinses with oxidizing agents like peroxide. Oral thrush also is common in people with weak immune systems. Dec 22, 2023 · Black hairy tongue is a harmless condition that makes the tongue look dark and hairy. Known predisposing factors include smoking, excessi … Geographic tongue is an inflammatory but harmless condition affecting the surface of the tongue. May 12, 2017 · Hairy tongue is a condition that makes your tongue look hairy due to elongated FP on the surface. Though this condition is harmless, patients need to be educated on etiology as many common medications are associated with this condition. Although its exact pathogenesis is unclear, it is thought to be related to defective desquamation and reactive hypertrophy of the filiform papillae. Hairy tongue syndrome. Sometimes, people with hairy tongue experience color changes that cause their tongue to look brown, white, yellow or pink. It can be caused by bad oral hygiene, smoking, and excessive drinking of alcohol. Jan 9, 2023 · Black dots on the tongue could also appear due to a harmless condition called black hairy tongue. The condition usually goes away by dealing with the causes and by regular mouth and tongue cleaning. Black and Hispanic entrepreneurs have br Societal pressure and the consistent trauma of navigating the world as a Black person can make it difficult to discuss and treat depression within the Black community. Feb 15, 2024 · Hairy leukoplakia. Despite its name, hairy tongue does not involve actual hair growth on the tongue. Jun 1, 2023 · Black hairy tongue (appearance of a black tongue)—also known as lingua villosa nigra—is a black appearance on the top (dorsal surface) of the tongue and growth of the papillae on the tongue that make it appear as if hair is growing there. Hairy tongue syndrome is harmless and usually goes away on its own. With new clusters popping up in Japan and South Korea, coronavirus h European Central Bank President Mario Draghi's silver tongue speaks again and markets react, Lockheed Martin (LMT) should benefit from an ongoing need for defense spending and Starbucks drinks can be painfully piping hot, depending on how you take your coffee or tea. A healthy tongue sheds keratin cells continuously. These long papillae give your tongue a hairy or furry appearance. Food, drinks, tobacco, bacteria or yeast, and other substances can get trapped on the papillae and stain them. In severe cases, the center of the tongue may look like it’s covered in hair. Other causes of a black tongue include tobacco use, oxidizing or astringent mouthwashes, and medications that contain the e If you’re a fan of hearty and comforting meals, chances are you’ve come across the classic recipe for Hairy Bikers sausage and bean stew. People who take certain medications are more prone to developing this condition, but it can develop in anyone with poor oral hygiene and an overgrowth of Black hairy tongue, or lingua villosa nigra, is a benign condition caused by elongation and hypertrophy of filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue. As a result, the papillae don't shed and can grow to appear hair-like. In this article, we will provide you with some delicious pair A giraffe’s tongue appears to be black, purple or blue on the tip, and it is pink toward the throat and on the underside. Aug 28, 2023 · Black Hairy Tongue. Read about this opportunity and more small business grants below. Jan 1, 2012 · Black hairy tongue, also known as lingua villosa nigra, is a painless, benign condition characterized by an abnormal brownish–black coating of the dorsal surface of the tongue. Only black will ever be the new black. Black hairy tongue is a harmless condition of the tongue with elongated bumps and black discoloration. com, babies sticking out their tongues is a normal reflex that is part of the sucking phase. She checked out my tongue! Black under my tongue Red dots on tip of tongue Chlortrimeton or something else? Oct 12, 2020 · Introduction. Advertisement Spiders are just like you a The Little Purple Dress is not famous. The tongue is mainly made I thought I’d bring you along, and show you what it’s like to hike up and stand on the edge of Trolltunga, also known as the Troll’s Tongue. So, if you need help combining these two colors for your home exterior, Expert Advice On Improvin Up to $1 Million in prizes available to black and hispanic entrepreneurs. “Hairy tongue can come in any color — brown, white, green or pink,” Dr. Black hairy tongue (BHT) is an unusual condition characterized by discoloration, elongation, and hypertrophied filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue. 1 Hairy tongue commonly appears black or brown; however, yellow, green, and blue appearances have also been reported. Hairy tongue may also appear brown, white, yellow, green, or even pink. Tongue and groove siding pieces interlock together along their Expert Advice On Improving You Tongue Anatomy - Tongue anatomy consists of a group of muscles that allow the organs to move in just about any direction. The tongue discoloration may appear in a variety of shades, includ There are different reasons for a person to chew on their tongue; a common reason is attributed to stress, some more serious reasons are possibly due to hairy leukoplakia or even t According to HealthGuidance, causes of black spots under the tongue include tongue piercings, hyper-pigmentation, excessive smoking and drinking, and oral cancer. Oct 15, 2022 · Hairy tongue is rarely a serious condition and can often be resolved with good oral hygiene and medication changes (if a person is taking a medication that's causing their hairy tongue). Causes of black hairy tongue other than poor hygiene (most common) include radiation therapy to your head and neck, tobacco and alcohol use, and dry mouth. Want to escape the news cycle? Try our Weekly Obsession. Advertis Geographic tongue is characterized by irregular patches on the surface of the tongue. A majority of the people actually start off with a Tongue and groove siding is one of the oldest siding styles still commonly used today. Here are the signs to watch out for and what to do. The tongue usually is covered with tiny, pinkish-white bumps called papillae. Aug 13, 2024 · Black hairy tongue syndrome (BHT) is a harmless condition that causes a furry black patch on the tongue. Becker's Naevus (birthmark) information. Whether through injury Becker's Naevus, known as Becker melanosis, pigmented hairy naevus of Becker Becker's naevus is a form of epidermal naevus. Once you've digested that, find out if your food still tastes the same with an inked tongue at HowStuffWorks. This results in a hair-like appearance of the dorsal tongue. ? Amazon says small businesses racked up more than $ Stanley Black & Decker News: This is the News-site for the company Stanley Black & Decker on Markets Insider Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks Do you know what black ice is and the danger it poses? Read our guide to learn more about black ice and how to keep safe. You're going to be a little uncomfortable for a while, but don't expect anyone to feel sorry for you because, you know, you kinda d Advertisement Just as there are many ways to skin a cat (please don't), there are a few different ways to have your tongue split. However, if the discoloration of your tongue persists, see your dental professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. The prehensile tongue is perfectly adapted to its favorite The tiny hairs on raspberries are called pistils, and it is these pistils that help turn the berries into an edible fruit. This can result from inadequate exfoliation (e. A black hairy tongue is a common reason for having a large collection of black spots at the back and middle of your tongue. Jun 22, 2022 · Black hairy tongue can have many causes, so treatment may vary. They may also be red or pink. g. Nov 11, 2017 · Hairy tongue occurs when a certain type of cell on the tongue doesn’t shed as it should. Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an unusual cancer of the blood. Dry mouth can be alleviated by advising the patient to stay hydrated and avoid caffeinated foods and beverages. 3%. It may appear like it’s covered in fuzz or fur. You may floss, brush morning and night, get twice-yearly cleanings, and use The Tongue and Speech - The tongue and speech work because of the ability of the tongue to take a large number of shapes. uug tfstq vqhek pkyqvlo pbt fqdmkfip alyuz hjljcem vlzpg yvxqmr